Background: Childhood obesity, a disorder that is increasing in prevalence globally, is associated with medical complications that were primarily seen in adults, and is challenging to manage clinically. The challenges of childhood obesity are not limited to one country, but confront most nations around the world. This review article addresses the following issues concerning pediatric overweight and obesity: global prevalence trends, assessment of fat mass in growing children, medical comorbidities and Type 2 diabetes, and the efficacy of obesity treatment.

Data sources and study selection: We analyze trends and prevalence around the world and present research and clinical setting measures of body composition. Comorbidities and Type 2 diabetes are discussed in light of increasing prevalence globally. Intervention as well as prevention data are summarized in order to offer a complete view of the possibilities available for daily clinical practice. We outline directions for prevention research, one of the most pressing needs in biomedical research.

Conclusions: We conclude by outlining efforts to manage and prevent childhood obesity that involves education, research and intervention. Education and research can inform prevention efforts and assist with the development of public policy to manage the problem. Further research exploring the health risks associated with childhood obesity is needed to guide treatment efforts.